Mountains, and all hills; fruitful trees, and all cedars:
Mountains and all hills; fruit trees and all cedar trees:
The writer is calling on all of creation - from the highest mountains to the tallest trees - to praise God.
📚 Historical Context
Psalms 148 is a hymn of praise in the Old Testament, likely written by ancient Israelites during or after the Babylonian exile, as part of a collection of songs that call all creation to worship God. It reflects the Hebrew cultural understanding of God's supreme authority over the natural world, urging even inanimate elements like mountains and trees to join in adoration. This psalm was probably used in temple worship or community gatherings to express gratitude for God's creative power and deliverance.
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